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Wild Turkey Facts

Re-printed with permission.

Imagine going on a turkey hunt only to find there are no wild

turkeys! It sounds far fetched, but in the early 1930s this

grand game bird was on the verge of extinction. But today,

thanks to hunters and wildlife restoration programs, the wild

turkey is abundant and thriving in its homeland.

Wild turkeys are native to North America and there are five

subspecies: Eastern, Osceola (Florida), Rio Grande, Merriam's

and Gould's. All five range throughout different parts of the

continent. The eastern is the most common and ranges the entire

eastern half of the U.S. The Osceola (Florida) is only found on

the Florida peninsula, while the Rio Grande ranges through Texas

and up into Oklahoma, Kansas and Colorado. Rios are also found

in parts of the northwestern states. The Merriam's subspecies

ranges along the Rocky Mountains and the neighboring prairies of

Wyoming, Montana and South Dakota. And you can find Gould's

throughout the central portion of Mexico into the southernmost

parts of New Mexico and Arizona.

Between 5,000 and 6,000 feathers cover the body of an adult

turkey in patterns called feather tracts. A turkey's feathers

provide a variety of survival functions-they keep him warm and

dry, allow him to fly, feel and show off for the opposite sex.

The head and upper part of the neck are featherless, but if you

look close, you can see little bumps of skin on the bare area.

Most of the feathers exhibit a metallic glittering, called

iridescence, with varying colors of red, green, copper, bronze

and gold. The gobbler, or male turkey, is more colorful, while

the hen is a drab brownish or lighter color to camouflage her

with her surroundings.

Two major characteristics distinguish males from females: spurs

and beards. Both sexes have long powerful legs covered with

scales and are born with a small button spur on the back of the

leg. Soon after birth, a male's spur starts growing pointed and

curved and can grow to about two inches. Most hen's spurs do not

grow. Gobblers also have beards-tufts of filaments, or modified

feathers, growing out from the chest-which can grow to an

average of nine inches (though they can grow much longer). It

must also be noted that 10 to 20 percent of hens have beards.

Wild turkeys have excellent vision during the day but don't see

as well at night. They are also very mobile. Turkeys can run at

speeds up to 25 mph, and they can fly up to 55 mph.

When mating season arrives, anywhere from February to April,

courtship usually begins while turkeys are still flocked

together in wintering areas. After mating, the hens begin

searching for a nest site and laying eggs. In most areas, nests

can be found in a shallow dirt depression, surrounded by

moderately woody vegetation that conceals the nest.

Hens will lay a clutch of 10 to 12 eggs during a two-week

period, usually laying one egg per day. She will incubate her

eggs for about 28 days, occasionally turning and rearranging

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them, until they are ready to hatch.

A newly-hatched flock must be ready to leave the nest within 12

to 24 hours to feed. Poults eat insects, berries and seeds,

while adults will eat anything from acorns and berries to

insects and small reptiles. Turkeys usually feed in early

morning and in the afternoon.

Wild turkeys like open areas for feeding, mating and habitat.

They use forested areas as cover from predators and for roosting

in trees at night. A varied habitat of both open and covered

area is essential for wild turkey survival.

Lack of quality habitat was a problem in the past, but with the

passing of the Pittman-Robertson Act in 1937, an excise tax on

sporting arms and ammunition, wildlife restoration programs now

have money to use to restore wild turkeys and wild turkey

habitat. And with the invention of the rocket net, wildlife

agencies and the NWTF can trap and transfer turkey populations

to areas of suitable habitat.

From only 30,000 turkeys in the early 1900s to nearly 7 million

today, this intriguing species has truly made an awesome

comeback.

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